Chinese Herbal Medicine Adjusting Brain Microenvironment via Mediating Central Nervous System Lymphatic Drainage in Alzheimer's Disease / 中国结合医学杂志

Due to its complex pathogenesis and lack of effective therapeutic methods, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a severe public health problem worldwide. Recent studies have discovered the function of central nervous system lymphatic drainage, which provides a new strategy for the treatment of AD. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been considered as a cure for AD for hundreds of years in China, and its effect on scavenging β-amyloid protein in the brain of AD patients has been confirmed. In this review, the mechanism of central nervous system lymphatic drainage and the regulatory functions of CHM on correlation factors were briefly summarized. The advances in our understanding regarding the treatment of AD via regulating the central lymphatic system with CHM will promote the clinical application of CHM in AD patients and the discovery of new therapeutic drugs.

Discussion on Connotation of "Essence Generating Marrow " Based on Intervention of Guilu Erxian Gum in Perivascular Space of Alzheimer's Disease Patients / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect mechanism of Guilu Erxian gum on Alzheimer's disease （AD） from the perspective of regulating perivascular space （PVS），and to explore the scientific connotation of "essence generating marrow". Method:The 80 patients with AD diagnosed by western medicine and kidney deficiency and marrow empty syndrome diagnosed by traditional Chinese medicine were randomly divided into two groups，with 40 cases in each group. Both groups of patients were orally administered with cholinesterase inhibitor Alison，one tablet （5 mg） each time before sleep at night. On this basis，the control group additionally received placebo，while the treatment group was additionally treated with Guilu Erxian gum for 60 days. The Mini-Mental State Examination scale （MMSE）， Wechsler Memory Scale and Activity of Daily Living Scale （ADL） were used before treatment （0 d），as well as 31 d and 61 d after treatment. The number and diameter of PVS in midbrain，basal ganglia，deep insular white matter and semiovale center were counted and their diameters were measured with use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） for head. In addition，the curative effect was evaluated according to MMSE scores on 61 d. Result:There was no significant difference between the two groups 31 d. On 61 d，MMSE and WMS scores increased，while ADL scores decreased as compared with the conditions on 0 d（<italic>P</italic><0.01），and there were significant differences in the three indexes and clinical effective rate between two groups （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01） . In addition，there was no significant difference in the number of PVS as compared with the number before treatment and in the comparison between the two groups after treatment，but there was a significant difference in the diameter of PVS（<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:Guilu Erxian gum is effective in the treatment of AD，and it can improve the PVS diameter in patients，which may be related to the mechanism of "essence generating marrow ".

Screening of Anti-inflammatory Active Sites of Water Extract of Iris halophila Root and Analysis of Its Chemical Constituents / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of water extract of the<italic> Iris halophila</italic> root on lipopolysaccharide（LPS） stimulated RAW264.7 cells and analyze its chemical constituents. Method:The supernatant of YWG prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation was separated by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography to obtain ethanol eluates with different concentrations （YWG，YWG-0%，YWG-20%，YWG-40%，and YWG-60%）. Cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） assay was used to determine the effects of YWG-0%，YWG-20%，YWG-40%，and YWG-60% on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. Griess assay was employed to detect the nitric oxide （NO） level in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The release of tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-<italic>α</italic>，interleukin（IL）-6，IL-10，and IL-1<italic>β</italic> was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. YWG and the elution site with the most robust anti-inflammatory activity were identified and compared by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry （UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Result:Ethanol eluates with different concentrations inhibited the release of NO，TNF-α，IL-1<italic>β</italic>， and IL-6 in the supernatant of LPS induced RAW264.7 cells （<italic>P<</italic>0.05），and promoted the release of IL-10 （<italic>P<</italic>0.05）. YWG-60% displayed a highly significant effect （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. A total of 127 constituents were detected from the comparison of YWG and YWG-60% by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in the positive and negative ion modes，including 61 flavonoids. YWG-60% contained 25 flavonoids with elevated content as compared with YWG. Conclusion:YWG-60% showed potent anti-inflammatory effect，and the effective anti-inflammatory constituents were presumedly flavonoids. The findings of this study are expected to provide a scientific theoretical basis for the basic research on the medicinal effect of the water extract of YWG.

Design, synthesis and of antitumor activity study of coumarinderivatives bearing benzothiazole or benzene moiety / 药学学报

Based on coumarin core structure as the procaspase-3 activator 1541 from our previous study, twelve coumarin derivatives bearing benzothiazole or benzene moiety were designed and synthesized. Target compounds were evaluated for in vitro antitumor activity against a procaspase-3 overexpressing cancer cell line (human histiocytic lymphoma cell, U937) and a procaspase-3 no-expression cancer cell line (human breast adenocarcinoma cell, MCF-7) to rule out off-target effects. The results revealed that coumarin derivatives bearing benzothiazole showed more potent inhibition activity and selectivity against procaspase-3 over-expressing cancer cell line (U937) than procaspase-3 low-sensitive cancer cell line (MCF-7). Caspase-3 activity evaluation showed that coumarin derivatives bearing benzothiazole showed remarkable caspase-3 activation activity, among them, compound 5f displayed the strongest activity with 93% degree. Flow cytometric assay revealed that compound 5f could inhibit proliferation of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. Procaspase-3 activity assay showed that compound 5f showed strong procaspase-3 activation activity.

Efficacy of Aidi Injection () on overexpression of P-glycoprotein induced by vinorelbine and cisplatin regimen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the efficacy of Aidi Injection () on overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induced by vinorelbine and cisplatin (NP) regimen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and study the difference between intravenous administration and targeting intratumor administration of Aidi Injection with thoracoscope.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 150 patients with NSCLC were randomly assigned to the control group, the intravenous group and the intratumor group by the random envelope method, 50 cases in each group. The patients were treated with NP regimen (2 cycles), NP regimen (2 cycles) plus Aidi intravenous injection, or NP regimen (2 cycles) plus Aidi intratumor injection with thoracoscope, respectively for 6 weeks. The clinical effificacy was observed based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) rules, the expression of P-gp in the tumor tissue was tested before, 3 and 6 weeks after treatment, the safety was evaluated by monitoring the toxicity in the process of treatment, and the progression-free survival (PFS) was measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifteen cases dropped out because of the irreconcilable conditions which had no relationship with the treatment, 4 in the control group, 5 in the intravenous group, and 6 in the intratumor group, respectively. Compared with the control group, the response rates (complete remission + partial response) and the disease control rates (complete remission + partial response + stable disease) were significantly higher, the P-gp expressions were significantly decreased after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of PFS were significantly longer in the intravenous and intratumor groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the intratumor group showed better effects than the intravenous group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the occurrences of rash, nausea and leukocytopenia were signifificantly decreased in the intravenous and intratumor groups (P<0.05), but without signifificant difference between the intravenous and intratumor groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aidi Injection not only improves the effificacy of NP regime, but also has the function of reducing adverse events and preventing against overexpression of P-gp induced by chemotherapy of NP regimen.</p>

Effect-of Angong Niuhuang Pill on Th1/Th2 of cerebral infarction patients of phlegm-heat obstructing orifices in China and Indonesia / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Angong Niuhuang Pill (ANP) on Thl/Th2 in cerebral infarction patients and to explore the mechanism of phlegm-heat obstructing orifices.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Re- cruited were 30 cerebral infarction patients of phlegm-heat obstructing orifices syndrome (PHOOS) both in China and Indonesia. They were assigned to 4 groups according to the use of ANP, the Chinese treatment group, the Indonesia treatment group, the Chinese control group, and the Indonesia control group. Patients in the two control groups received conventional treatment, while those in the two treatment group additionally took ANP for 30 successive days. Their adverse reactions were observe, and levels of INF-γ and IL-4 were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The INF-γ level and the INF-γ/IL-4 ratio significantly decreased, and the IL-4 level increased after treatment in the four groups with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group after treatment in the same country, the INF-γ level and the INF-γ/IL-4 ratio were lower, and the IL-4 level was higher in the two treatment groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the two Chinese groups, the INF-γ level and the INF-γ/IL-4 ratio were higher, and the IL-4 level was lower in the two Indonesian groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the post-treatment indices between the two treatment groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>ANP had moderating effect on Th1/Th2 in cerebral infarction pa- tients. Cerebral infarction patients of PHOOS might exist certain relation with Th1/Th2.</p>

Metabolomics Study on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Different Chinese Medical Syndromes / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between Chinese medical syndrome types and metabolomics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 120 NSCLC patients were assigned to asthenia syndrome group and sthenia syndrome group, 60 in each group. Meanwhile, 60 cases of benign pulmonary nodules in physical examinations were recruited as the control group. Tumor tissues or benign pulmonary nodules tissues were obtained by thoracoscope. Changes of their metabolites were observed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their differences were studied using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). ROC curve analysis was performed in different metabolic compounds of sthenia and asthenia syndromes groups. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the sensitivity of diagnosing syndrome types.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, difference existed in 16 compounds. Of them , contents of citric acid, pyruvic acid, alanine, choline phosphate, glycerol phosphate choline, linoleic acid, oleic acid, lactic acid, inositol were more in the two tumors group than in the control group. Difference existed in 10 compounds between the sthenia syndrome group and the asthenia syndrome group. Of them, citric acid, pyruvic acid, alanine, choline phosphate, glycerol phosphate choline, lactic acid, and inositol were more in the asthenia syndrome group than in the sthenia syndrome group. Contents of valine, glucose, and glutamine were more in the sthenia syndrome group than in the asthenia syndrome group. ROC curve analyses of different compounds indicated that AUC of lactic acid and glucose was more than 0.8 (P < 0.01); AUC of inositol, choline phosphate, and glycerol phosphate choline was more than 0.7 (P < 0.01); AUC of valine, citric acid, glutamine, alanine, and pyruvic acid was more than 0.6 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There existed certain correlation between CM syndrome types and metabolomics of lung cancer. Lactic acid, glucose, inositol, choline phosphate, glycerol phosphate choline, valine, citric acid, glutamine, alanine, pyruvic acid were sensitive diagnostic compounds, and the first four kinds were most sensitive compounds.</p>

Research on the relationship between chinese medical syndrome types and Th1/Th2 in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma by thoracoscopic technique / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between Chinese medical syndrome types of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and Th1/Th2.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 60 BAC patients were syndrome typed as qi and yin deficiency syndrome (QYDS) and qi stagnation and phlegm-blood stasis syndrome (QSPSS), 30 cases in each group. Meanwhile, 30 subjects with benign pulmonary nodules were recruited as the control group. The contents of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-2, and IL-5 were detected using thoracoscopic technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As for Th1 (INF-gamma and IL-2), it was ranked from high to low as the control group > the QSPSS group > the QYDS group (P < 0.05). As for Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5), it was ranked from high to low as the QYDS group > the QSPSS group >the control group (P < 0.05). As for Th1/Th2 (INF-gamma/lL-4, IL-2/IL-5), it was ranked from high to low as the control group > the QSPSS group >the QYDS group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with the tissue of benign nodules, Th1 function in tumor tissue of BAC patients was weaker and Th2 function stronger. Chinese medical syndrome types of BAC had correlation with Th1/Th2. Patients of excess syndrome had stronger immunity with Th1/Th2 shifting left,while those of deficiency syndrome were predispose to humoral immunity with Thl/Th2 shifting right.</p>

Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal cancer / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 319 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma underwent endorectal ultrasonography evaluation from January 2007 to March 2010. There were 175 males and 144 females, and the age of patients were 22-82 year old (median 59 years). According their visiting time, 319 patients were divided into 3 groups (period A: January to December 2007; period B: January to December 2008; and period C: January 2009 to March 2010). All patients underwent endorectal ultrasonography, and the 3 doctors had finished evaluations with 272 cases (Doctor 1, 2, 3 had finished evaluations with 162, 64 and 46 cases respectively). The endorectal ultrasonography staging was compared with the pathology findings based on the surgical specimens in 319 patients who had surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Overall accuracy in assessing the level of rectal wall invasion was 67%. The accuracy of uT2 and uT3 were 43% and 81% respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2) = 30.54, P < 0.01), and the accuracy of uT4a was 59%, which was lower than uT3 (81%,χ(2) = 13.77, P < 0.01). Overall accuracy in assessing nodal involvement in the 311 patients treated with radical surgery was 66%. Staging accuracy tends to improve with experience, the accuracy with Doctor 1 in period C(staging accuracy of T and N were 84% and 81% respectively) were higher than period A(staging accuracy of T and N were 55% and 41% respectively) (χ(2) = 6.65 and 13.27, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Transrectal ultrasound for preoperative staging of rectal has higher accuracy with mastered ultrasound doctor.</p>

Relationship of c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene mutation features with prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha(PDGFRA) gene mutation features and the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinicopathological, genetic testing and follow-up informations of patients admitted to the Shanxi Tumor Hospital from June 2000 to January 2009 were collected. The survival was calculated and univariate analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was conducted by the Cox regression method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 61.5% and the 5-year overall survival rate was 67.4%. The 5-year disease-free survival rates of patients without disease among those with c-kit exon 11 mutation (n=77), c-kit exon 9 mutation(n=4), and PDGFRA exon 18 mutation (n=2) were 63.4%, 14.3% and 100%, and the 5-year overall survival rates were 70.8%, 50.0% and 100%, respectively. In the patients with c-kit exon 11 mutation, the 5-year disease-free survival rates among those with point mutations(n=26), deletion mutations(n=44), and duplication mutations(n=7) were 87.1%, 44.9% and 80.0%, and the 5-year overall survival rates were 88.1%, 57.0% and 100%, respectively. There were significant differences in overall survival among different factors. Multivariate analysis showed that gene mutation was not the independent factor of prognosis(P=0.492).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In GIST patients undergoing surgery without imatinib treatment, mutated genotype is better than wild type in terms of prognosis. Gene mutation is not the independent factor of prognosis in GIST patients.</p>

Effects of electromagnetic radiation on RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in rats hippocampus / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the development of changes for signaling molecules related to Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in hippocampus of rats after electromagnetic radiation, and investigate the mechanisms of radiation injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were exposed to X-HPM, S-HPM and EMP radiation source respectively, and animal model of electromagnetic radiation was established. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Raf-1, phosphorylated Raf-1 and phospholylated ERK.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of Raf-1 down-regulated during 6 h-14 d after radiation, most significantly at 7 d, and recovered at 28 d. There was no significant difference between the radiation groups. The expression of phosphorylated Raf-1 and phosphorylated ERK both up-regulated at 6 h and 7 d after radiation, more significantly at 6 h, and the two microwave groups were more serious for phosphorylated ERK. During 6 h-14 d after S-HPM radiation, the expression of phosphorylated Raf-1 increased continuously, but phosphorylated ERK changed wavily, 6 h and 7 d were expression peak.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway participates in the hippocampus injury induced by electromagnetic radiation. The excessive activation of ERK pathway may result in the apoptosis and death of neurons, which is the important mechanism of recognition disfunction caused by electromagnetic radiation.</p>

Influence of electromagnetic radiation on raf kinase inhibitor protein and its related proteins of hippocampus / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the development of changes for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and its mRNA in rats hippocampus after electromagnetic radiation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were exposed to X-band high power microwave (X-HPM), S-band high power microwave (S-HPM) and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation source respectively. The animal model of electromagnetic radiation was established. Western blot was used to detect the expression of RKIP, and RT-PCR was applied to detect the expression of RKIP mRNA. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 was measured with co-immunoprecipitation method, and the expression of cerebral choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was measured by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of RKIP significantly down-regulated at 6 h after radiation, and recovered at 1 d in group EMP, but the down-regulation continued during 1 approximately 7 d after radiation in the two microwave groups. The expression of RKIP mRNA changed wavily during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, which showed down-regulation at 6 h, and up-regulation at 3 d. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 decreased during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, most significantly at 7 d, and the two microwave groups were more significant. The expression of CHAT decreased continuously during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, and generally recovered on 14 d.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The down-regulation of RKIP and its related proteins of hippocampus is induced by electromagnetic radiation.</p>

High power microwave radiation damages blood-testis barrier in rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the effect of high power microwave (HPM) radiation on the structure and function of blood-testis barrier (BTB) in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and sixty-six male Wistar rats were treated by heart perfusion of lanthanum-glutaraldehyde solution and tail vein injection of evans blue (EB) at 6 h, 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after exposed to 0, 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2 HPM radiation for 5 minutes, the structural change of BTB and distribution of lanthanum or EB observed through the light microscope, electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Testicular interstitial edema, vascular congestion or hyperemia with accumulation of plasma proteins and red blood cells in the inner compartment of seminiferous tubules were observed after exposure to HPM. The above-mentioned pathological changes were aggravated at 1-7 d and relieved at 14 d after radiation, obviously more severe in the 30 and 100 mW/cm2 exposure groups than in the 10 mW/cm2. Both lanthanum precipitation and EB were deposited in the inner compartment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HPM radiation may damage the structure and increase the permeability of BTB.</p>

Influence of microwave radiation on synaptic structure and function of hippocampus in Wistar rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of microwave radiation on synaptic structure, characteristic of synaptosome, the contents and release of neurotransmitters in hippocampus in Wistar rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Wistar rats were exposed to microwave radiation with average power density of 30 mW/cm(2). Electron telescope was used to study the change of the synaptic structure at 6 h after radiation and to identify synaptosome. Flow cytometry and electron spin resonance were used to study the change of the concentration of Ca(2+) in synapse and the fluidity of membrane proteins of synaptosome. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer were used to study the changes of contents and release of amino acids and acetylcholine in hippocampus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Microwave radiation of 30 mW/cm(2) caused deposits of synapse vesicle, elongation of active zone, the increase of thickness of postsynaptic density (PSD) and curvature, and perforation of synapse. The concentration of Ca(2+) in synapse (P<0.01) and tc of membrane proteins (P<0.01) of synaptosome increased contents of glutamic acid and glycine (P<0.01) and release of GABA increased the increase of contents and release of acetylcholine, and activity of acetyl cholinesterase (P<0.01) increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Microwave radiation can induce the injure of synaptic structure and function of hippocampus, and then induce the disorder of the ability of learning and memory in rats.</p>

Changes of apoptosis, mitochondrion membrane potential and Ca2+ of hypothalamic neurons induced by high power microwave / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the injury effect and mechanism of hypothalamic neurons after high power microwave (HPM) exposure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primarily cultured hypothalamic neurons were exposed to 10 and 30 mW/cm(2) HPM, and the inverted phase contrast microscope (IPCM) and flow cytometry (FCM) were employed to detect the injury of cells and change of mitochondrion membrane potential (MMP) and Ca(2+) in the cytoplasm of neurons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ratio of apoptosis was significantly higher than that of the sham exposure (P < 0.05) induced by 10 and 30 mW/cm(2) HPM and necrosis increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the group of 30 mW/cm(2) at 6 h after exposure. The content of Ca(2+) in the cytoplasm of neuron cells increased (P < 0.01) while MMP decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after radiation of 30 mW/cm(2) HPM at 6 h after exposure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Apoptosis is one of the major death ways of hypothalamic neurons. The overloading of Ca(2+) and the decline of MMP are involved in the process.</p>

Pathological study of testicular injury induced by high power microwave radiation in rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the pathological characteristics and the dynamic change regularity of the testis induced by high power microwave (HPM) radiation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and sixty-five male Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2 HPM radiation for five minutes, and changes of testicular morphology and teratogenic ratio of epididymal spermatozoa were observed through light microscope and electron microscope at 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 d after radiation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Injury of testicular spermatogenic cells in rats might be induced by 3 to approximately 100 mW/cm2 HPM radiation, and the main pathological changes were degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells, formation of multinuclear giant cells, decrease or loss of sperm and interstitial edema. Injury of spermatogenic cells underwent such phases as death and shedding, cavitation, regeneration and repair, characterized by being focalized, inhomogenous and phased. And the severity of pathological changes of the testis increased with power density. There was only scattered degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubule one day after 3 mW/cm2 radiation, and the pathological changes six hours after 10 mW/cm2 radiation was similar to those one day after 3 mW/cm2 radiation, but with the formation of multinuclear giant cells, and the above-mentioned pathological changes aggravated from one day to seven days after radiation. There was a significant increase in degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells, as well as a significant decrease in spermatozoa and focal necrosis in simple seminiferous tubules six hours after 30 and 100 mW/cm2 radiation, and the subsequent changes were similar to those of 10 mW/cm2 radiation. There was a significant increase in teratogenic ratio of epididymal spermatozoa at 3 d, 1 to approximately 7 d, 6 h to approximately 7 d after 3, 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2 microwave radiation respectively (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HPM radiation may cause injury of testicular spermatogenic cells in rats, which has a positive correlation to radiation dosage and time.</p>

Changes of the expression of beta1-adrenergic receptor and M2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat hearts after high power microwave radiation / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of high power microwave (HPM) radiation on the expression of beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-AR) and M(2)-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M(2)-AchR) in cardiomyocytes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S-band HPM device of mean power density 2 approximately 90 mW/cm(2) was used to irradiate 150 healthy Wistar male rats. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to study the pathological characteristics of heart tissue and the expression of beta(1)-AR and M(2)-AchR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Radiation of over 10 mW/cm(2) made myocardial fibers disordered in arrangement, degeneration even sarcoplasm condensation, Pace cells necrosis, and Purkinje cells lysis in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.968, P < 0.05). beta(1)-AR expression in endocardium, membrane and cytoplasm of myocardium of left ventricle was increased on d1 after radiation, peaked on d3 (P < 0.05) and recovered on d14. M(2)-AchR expression was peaked on d1 (P < 0.01) and recovered on d14.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Certain degree intensity of HPM radiation may cause heart injury, and increased expressions of beta(1)-AR and M(2)-AchR, which may play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart injury induced by HPM.</p>

Studies on the injury effects of hippocampus induced by high power microwave radiation in rat / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the changes of morphology and function in rat hippocampus induced by high power microwave (HPM) radiation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty male Wistar rats were radiated by HPM. Then their learning and memory abilities were tested with Y maze and were sacrificed 6 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after radiation. The hippocampus was taken out to study the basic pathologic changes, apoptosis and the expressions of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by means of HE staining, Nissel body staining, in situ terminal end labeling and immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The learning and memory abilities of rats reduced significantly after HPM radiation. HPM also resulted in rarefaction, edema and hemangiectasia of hippocampus, nervous cells degeneration and necrosis, decrease or disappearance of Nissel bodies. The injuries were more serious in field CA4 and dentate gyrus, which showed dose-effect relationship, and were progressively aggravated within 7 days. The apoptosis cells were significantly increased. NSE was increased in neurons. The NSE positive areas were also seen in the interstitial matrix and blood vessels. GFAP was increased in astrocytes, which became shorter and thicker.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HPM can damage the abilities of learning and memory and results in morphologic changes in hippocampus. The major pathologic changes are degeneration, apoptosis and necrosis of neurons and edema in interstitium. NSE and GFAP play an important role in the pathologic process.</p>

The influence of high power microwave irradiation on the expression of neuropeptide Y and neural nitric oxide synthase in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of high power microwave(HPM) irradiation on neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the cerebral cortex and hippoeampus of Wistar rats. Methods A total of 110 Wistar rats were used for this study.Three groups of 30 Wistar rats were exposed to HPM irradiation at intensities of 3,10,30 and 100 mW/cm~2,respectively.Twenty rats served as controls and were ex- posed to sham HPM irradiation.At 6 h,and at 1,3,7,14 and 28 d after irradiation,five rats from each group were sacrificed,and their cerebral cortices and hippocampi were harvested.HE staining was used to highlight any change in the structure of the cerebral cortex or hippocampus.Immunohistochemistry techniques and image analysis were used to study the changes in NPY and nNOS expression.Results 10 to 100 mW/cm~2 HPM irradiation caused pyc- nosis and deep staining of some neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.The increase in nNOS expression and decrease in NPY expression observed were significant at 3 days after irradiation.Conclusion HPM irradiation can induce injury in neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippoeampus,and abnormal NPY and nNOS expression.